变压器已成为自然兰格格处理和视觉中许多任务的首选模型。在更有效地进行培训和部署变压器的最新努力已经确定了许多策略,以近似自我发挥作用矩阵,这是变压器体系结构中的关键模块。有效的想法包括各种预先指定的稀疏模式,低级基础扩展及其组合。在本文中,我们重新访问了小波等经典多分辨率分析(MRA)概念,在这种情况下,在这种情况下的潜在价值迄今仍未被逐渐解散。我们表明,基于现代硬件和实施挑战所告知的经验反馈和设计选择的简单近似值,最终在大多数感兴趣的标准中产生了基于MRA的自我注意力方法,具有出色的性能。我们进行了一系列广泛的实验,并证明该多分辨率方案的表现优于最有效的自我注意力建议,并且对短序列和长序列都有利。代码可在\ url {https://github.com/mlpen/mra-witchention}中获得。
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Large language models (LLMs) have been shown to be able to perform new tasks based on a few demonstrations or natural language instructions. While these capabilities have led to widespread adoption, most LLMs are developed by resource-rich organizations and are frequently kept from the public. As a step towards democratizing this powerful technology, we present BLOOM, a 176B-parameter open-access language model designed and built thanks to a collaboration of hundreds of researchers. BLOOM is a decoder-only Transformer language model that was trained on the ROOTS corpus, a dataset comprising hundreds of sources in 46 natural and 13 programming languages (59 in total). We find that BLOOM achieves competitive performance on a wide variety of benchmarks, with stronger results after undergoing multitask prompted finetuning. To facilitate future research and applications using LLMs, we publicly release our models and code under the Responsible AI License.
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通过一系列联邦举措和命令,美国政府一直在努力确保美国在AI中的领导。这些广泛的战略文件影响了美国空军美国部(DAF)等组织。DAF-MIT AI加速器是DAF和MIT之间的一项计划,以弥合AI研究人员与DAF任务要求之间的差距。DAF-MIT AI加速器支持的几个项目正在开发公共挑战问题,这些问题解决了许多联邦AI研究的重点。这些挑战是通过公开可用的大型AI-Ready数据集,激励开源解决方案,并为可以激发进一步研究的双重使用技术创建需求信号,来针对优先事项。在本文中,我们描述了正在开发的这些公共挑战以及它们的应用如何促进科学进步。
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病理学家拥有丰富的词汇,他们可以描述细胞形态的所有细微差别。在他们的世界中,图像和单词都有自然的配对。最近的进步表明,现在可以对机器学习模型进行培训,以学习高质量的图像功能并将其表示为离散信息。这使得自然语言(也是离散的语言)可以与成像旁边共同建模,从而描述了成像内容。在这里,我们介绍了将离散建模技术应用于非黑色素瘤皮肤癌的问题结构域,特别是eme骨内癌(IEC)的组织学图像。通过实施IEC图像的高分辨率(256x256)图像的VQ-GAN模型,我们训练了序列到序列变压器,以使用病理学家术语来生成自然语言描述。结合使用连续生成方法获得的交互式概念矢量的概念,我们展示了一个额外的解释性角度。结果是为高度表达的机器学习系统而努力的一种有希望的方法,不仅可以用作预测/分类工具,而且还意味着要进一步了解我们对疾病的科学理解。
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语言模型既展示了定量的改进,又展示了新的定性功能,随着规模的增加。尽管它们具有潜在的变革性影响,但这些新能力的特征却很差。为了为未来的研究提供信息,为破坏性的新模型能力做准备,并改善社会有害的效果,至关重要的是,我们必须了解目前和近乎未来的能力和语言模型的局限性。为了应对这一挑战,我们介绍了超越模仿游戏基准(Big Bench)。 Big Bench目前由204个任务组成,由132家机构的442位作者贡献。任务主题是多样的,从语言学,儿童发展,数学,常识性推理,生物学,物理学,社会偏见,软件开发等等。 Big-Bench专注于被认为超出当前语言模型的功能的任务。我们评估了OpenAI的GPT型号,Google内部密集变压器体系结构和大型基础上的开关稀疏变压器的行为,跨越了数百万到数十亿个参数。此外,一个人类专家评估者团队执行了所有任务,以提供强大的基准。研究结果包括:模型性能和校准都随规模改善,但绝对的术语(以及与评估者的性能相比);在模型类中的性能非常相似,尽管带有稀疏性。逐渐和预测的任务通常涉及大量知识或记忆成分,而在临界规模上表现出“突破性”行为的任务通常涉及多个步骤或组成部分或脆性指标;社交偏见通常会随着含糊不清的环境而随着规模而增加,但这可以通过提示来改善。
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基于变压器的模型广泛用于自然语言处理(NLP)。变压器模型的核心是自我关注机制,它捕获了输入序列中的令牌对的相互作用,并在序列长度上逐步取决于逐行。在更长的序列上培训此类模型是昂贵的。在本文中,我们表明,基于局部敏感散列(LSH)的伯努利采样注意机制降低了这种模型到线性的二次复杂性。我们通过考虑自我关注作为与Bernoulli随机变量相关的单独令牌的总和来绕过二次成本,原则上可以通过单个哈希进行一次(尽管在实践中,这个数字可能是一个小常数)。这导致了有效的采样方案来估算依赖于LSH的特定修改的自我关注(以便在GPU架构上进行部署)。我们在标准512序列长度上评估了胶水基准的算法,在那里我们看到了相对于标准预磨削变压器的良好性能。在远程竞技场(LRA)基准中,为了评估长序列的性能,我们的方法实现了与Softmax自我关注的结果一致,但具有相当大的加速和内存节省,并且通常优于其他有效的自我关注方法。我们的代码可以在https://github.com/mlpen/yoso获得
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深度学习模式在许多分类任务中取得了最先进的性能。但是,大多数人不能为其分类结果提供解释。可解释的机器学习模型通常是线性的或分段线性和产生较差的性能。非线性模型实现了更好的分类性能,但很难解释他们的分类结果。这可能已经通过提出的可解释的前馈神经网络(IFFNN)来改变,这提出了实现高分类性能和恶意软件检测的可解释性。如果IFFNN可以在提供有意义的解释的同时以更灵活和一般的形式表现良好,并且在提供有意义的解释时,它可能对所应用的机器学习界非常感兴趣。在本文中,我们提出了一种方式来概括可解释的前馈神经网络到多级分类场景和任何类型的前馈神经网络,并评估其在内部解释数据集上的分类性能和解释性。我们通过发现广义IFFNNS实现了与正常前馈神经网络对应物的可比分类性能并提供了有意义的解释。因此,这种神经网络架构具有很大的实用性。
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The recent increase in public and academic interest in preserving biodiversity has led to the growth of the field of conservation technology. This field involves designing and constructing tools that utilize technology to aid in the conservation of wildlife. In this article, we will use case studies to demonstrate the importance of designing conservation tools with human-wildlife interaction in mind and provide a framework for creating successful tools. These case studies include a range of complexities, from simple cat collars to machine learning and game theory methodologies. Our goal is to introduce and inform current and future researchers in the field of conservation technology and provide references for educating the next generation of conservation technologists. Conservation technology not only has the potential to benefit biodiversity but also has broader impacts on fields such as sustainability and environmental protection. By using innovative technologies to address conservation challenges, we can find more effective and efficient solutions to protect and preserve our planet's resources.
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We present the interpretable meta neural ordinary differential equation (iMODE) method to rapidly learn generalizable (i.e., not parameter-specific) dynamics from trajectories of multiple dynamical systems that vary in their physical parameters. The iMODE method learns meta-knowledge, the functional variations of the force field of dynamical system instances without knowing the physical parameters, by adopting a bi-level optimization framework: an outer level capturing the common force field form among studied dynamical system instances and an inner level adapting to individual system instances. A priori physical knowledge can be conveniently embedded in the neural network architecture as inductive bias, such as conservative force field and Euclidean symmetry. With the learned meta-knowledge, iMODE can model an unseen system within seconds, and inversely reveal knowledge on the physical parameters of a system, or as a Neural Gauge to "measure" the physical parameters of an unseen system with observed trajectories. We test the validity of the iMODE method on bistable, double pendulum, Van der Pol, Slinky, and reaction-diffusion systems.
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While the brain connectivity network can inform the understanding and diagnosis of developmental dyslexia, its cause-effect relationships have not yet enough been examined. Employing electroencephalography signals and band-limited white noise stimulus at 4.8 Hz (prosodic-syllabic frequency), we measure the phase Granger causalities among channels to identify differences between dyslexic learners and controls, thereby proposing a method to calculate directional connectivity. As causal relationships run in both directions, we explore three scenarios, namely channels' activity as sources, as sinks, and in total. Our proposed method can be used for both classification and exploratory analysis. In all scenarios, we find confirmation of the established right-lateralized Theta sampling network anomaly, in line with the temporal sampling framework's assumption of oscillatory differences in the Theta and Gamma bands. Further, we show that this anomaly primarily occurs in the causal relationships of channels acting as sinks, where it is significantly more pronounced than when only total activity is observed. In the sink scenario, our classifier obtains 0.84 and 0.88 accuracy and 0.87 and 0.93 AUC for the Theta and Gamma bands, respectively.
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